後宮 (伊斯蘭)

伊斯蘭世界的後宮（阿拉伯语：‎），本義為禁止之地，神圣密室。起源于近东，包括阿拉伯帝國的倭馬亞王朝與阿拔斯王朝、伊朗的薩法維王朝、印度的蒙兀兒帝國與土耳其的奥斯曼帝国等皇室。并通过奥斯曼帝国传入西方世界。指在一夫多妻制环境下的女性以及未成年兒子的居住场所，禁止成年男性进入。奧地利作曲家莫扎特曾以鄂圖曼帝國後宮為題材創作歌劇《後宮誘逃》，日本动漫中的“后宫型作品”中的后宫一词就来源于此概念。

1915年，欧洲画家笔下的後宮油畫

鄂圖曼帝國

鄂圖曼帝國時期，蘇丹的後宮，等級秩序嚴謹，以在位蘇丹的母親（稱蘇丹皇太后）地位最高並擁有絕對的權力，有部分蘇丹皇太后甚至能代替蘇丹本身執掌國政。在鄂圖曼帝國初期，蘇丹的四位正妻稱蘇丹，其之下有多個級別的妃嬪，最高為可敦，再之下依次夫人（土耳其語：[lower-alpha 1]）、幸人（土耳其語：）[lower-alpha 2]、睞人（土耳其語：）[lower-alpha 3]等。後來改制，正妻改稱皇后（土耳其語：），廢除可敦位號，其他妃嬪位號不變。嫡子繼位後，其生母會被尊為蘇丹皇太后，若由庶子繼位，其生母不得尊為皇太后，有些會由其中一位嫡母作為養母尊為蘇丹皇太后。

後宮中有多名不同等級的宮女，負責不同職務。

圖庫
  • 伊斯蘭後宮的相關繪畫作品
  • The Pasha in His Harem by Francois Boucher c. 1735-1739
    The Pasha in His Harem by Francois Boucher c. 1735-1739
  • Scene from the Harem, Jean-Baptiste van Mour (1st half of the 18th century)
    Scene from the Harem, Jean-Baptiste van Mour (1st half of the 18th century)
  • Scene in a Harem, by Guardi
    Scene in a Harem, by Guardi
  • The Harem as imagined by European artist, The Dormitory of the Concubines, by Ignace Melling, 1811.
    The Harem as imagined by European artist, The Dormitory of the Concubines, by Ignace Melling, 1811.
  • Gustave Boulanger: The Harem
    Gustave Boulanger: The Harem
  • Harem scene by Dominique Ingres
    Harem scene by Dominique Ingres
  • The Reception, John Frederick Lewis, 1805-1875, English
    The Reception, John Frederick Lewis, 1805-1875, English
  • Scene from the Harem by Fernand Cormon, c. 1877
    Scene from the Harem by Fernand Cormon, c. 1877
  • Harem Scene, Quintana Olleras, 1851-1919, Spanish
    Harem Scene, Quintana Olleras, 1851-1919, Spanish
  • The Harem Fountain, Frederick Arthur Bridgman, 1847-1928, American
    The Harem Fountain, Frederick Arthur Bridgman, 1847-1928, American
  • Belle of Nelson whiskey poster (1878), based on a harem scene by Jean-Léon Gérôme.
    Belle of Nelson whiskey poster (1878), based on a harem scene by Jean-Léon Gérôme.
  • In the harem, Lehnert & Landrock postcard, 1900s-1910s
    In the harem, Lehnert & Landrock postcard, 1900s-1910s
  • The Virgin of Stamboul, 1920 film poster
    The Virgin of Stamboul, 1920 film poster

注釋
  1. 原意為「女人」或「妻子」。
  2. 原意為「幸運者」。
  3. 原意為「被注視的」，即被蘇丹注視。

參考書目
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：後宮
  • Hans Wehr. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic: (Arabic-English), 4th ed. Spoken Language Services, 1994, s.v. حرم.
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